Essay Sample on Military Logistics

Military logistics is the discipline that is focused on the process of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of various forces within the military segment. To cut the long story short, military logistics comprises the following aspects: health and medical service support; development, design, storage, acquisition, distribution, evacuation, maintenance and disposition of materiel; personnel transport; the services furnishing acquisition, etc. The military logistics is usually described as the â€Å"combat service support† and covers highly uncertain aspects which we will try to describe here. While it is pretty hard to make perfect forecasts, the forecast models can significantly reduce all doubts about what kind of supplies or services will be highly required, when and where they will be required in particular, or what are the best ways to provide them where they‘re needed. At last, all responsible officials are supposed to make thorough judgments on these very matters, sometimes making use of their intuition and properly weighing possible alternatives according to the requirements and needs of the very situation. All the decisions and judgments made by them must be based not only upon proficient knowledge of the various aspects of the military logistics itself but also upon solid awareness of the interplay of closely related considerations within the field (tactics, finance, strategy, personnel and training ). Nonetheless, according to the latest case studies, more statistical, quantitative analyses are most often a noteworthy improvement on human judgment. Among the most recent examples one may mention the use of well known Applied Information Economics by the Naval Research and the Marine Corps Office in order to estimate the requirements regarding the bulk fuel for the field of battle. In most war conflicts, logistics matters are usually highly important when the question is about deciding the battle outcome. Take the tonnage war as an instance. The bulk sinking of cargo ships was the most essential aspect in the World War II. Allied anti-submarine campaign that was successfully performed and the failure of the German Navy to destroy enough cargo during the famous Battle of the Atlantic provided Britain with a chance to stay in the war and set a solid front against the opponent. Hard to imagine what would have happened if it wasn’t for successfully chosen tactics. To speak more generally, keeping one’s own supply lines under protection and attacking the ones that belong to the opponent is the number one military strategy. As an example, one can name a purely logistical campaign known as the Berlin Airlift. It brought incredible success to USA and helped to soften up international tension if one remembers of history. It is important to state that military logistics has successfully pioneered a wide range of various techniques that since that have become broadly applied in the commercial world. The operations research popped out of the World War II military logistics efforts. Just like that, military logistics borrows from widely used methods introduced for the first time to the commercial world. The well known Kargil Conflict that took place in 1999 between Pakistan and India also referred to as the famous Operation Vijay is the latest most significant examples of high altitude warfare in mountainous terrain that caused many great troubles for the sides that were combating. To sum up, one should mention that logistics is a very important aspect in military industry for the reason that it gives an opportunity to support an ongoing deployment and effectively respond to the various emergent threats. Without it army wouldn’t be able to act, everything would simply fall apart.

The Years 1918-1939, Which Separate World War I From World

The years 1918-1939, which separate World War I from World War II, witnessed profound changes in how technologically advanced military organizations would fight. In most of the cases, during peacetime, military innovation, and technological developments played an empowering or helping role in advancing profoundly new and more operative ways of fighting. In a narrow and strict sense, such innovative improvements were revolutionary. The technological revolution reached the battlefields and forever changed the way that armies required from the fragile airplanes and unreliable tanks of World War I to evolve into more sophisticated weapons by the late 1930s. Amount military innovations which influence the inter-war period, we will focus our†¦show more content†¦These principles are known as Die Truppenfuhrung and shaped the framework for the preparation and conduct of ground operations during World War II. This studies emphasized friction and uncertainty. It requires responsibili ty and exercises judgment for junior officers in the battlefield. It also focuses on the greater use of armored combined to army capabilities on maneuver. Consequently, to the influence of World War I boosted Germany to develop early by the 1920s the coherent combined arms doctrine that focused on decentralization command and control or mission type orders, speeding, surprising, or the aggressive exploitation of every weakness in enemy defensive systems. One of the lessons learned after the first world conflict is the necessity of using the third dimension on military operations. That assumption has been conceptualizing by theorist through doctrine and implements differently from one country to another. The doctrine concerning air force warfare was a direct influence of World War I as a revolution on this domain. The challenge of many military theorists concerned the emergence of the aircraft as a weapon and the adaptation of this emerging capability on military operations. One of the Airpower advocates Giulio Douhet consider the airpower as a tool to use to avoid trench warfare and dramatically shorten wars. Thus, aircraft would attack an enemy’s sources of assets and it is the key to destroying theShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 Pagesself-actualization was introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and crit icisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression. 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Cloning Essay Research Paper Bioethics which is free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Bioethicss, which is the survey of value judgements refering to human behavior in the country of biological science and includes those related to the pattern of medical specialty, has been an of import facet of all countries in the scientific field ( Bernstein, Maurice, M.D. ) . It is one of the factors that says whether or non certain scientific research can travel on, and if it can, under which regulations and ordinances it must stay by. One of the most recent and controversial issues confronting our society today is the thought of cloning. On February 23, 1997, Ian Wilmut, a Scots scientist, along with his co-workers at the Roslin Institute and PPL Therapeutics, announced to the universe that they had cloned a lamb, which they named Dolly, after Dolly Parton, from an grownup sheep ( Mario, Christopher ) . The two portion the same nucleic Deoxyribonucleic acid, but differ in footings of their mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid, which is vitally of import for the ordinance of the cell. The media and the imperativeness ignored this fact, and therefore claimed that Dolly and her female parent were genetically indistinguishable, which sparked a rage of call all around the universe. The technique of reassigning a karyon from a bodily cell into an egg cell of which the karyon had been removed, called atomic organ transplant, is an extension of research that had been ongoing for over 40 old ages. Up until now, scientists thought that grownup cells could non be reprogrammed to act like a fertilized egg and make an embryo, but the grounds obtained by Dolly s success prove otherwise. The issues of cloning have been around for a long clip, get downing with the publication of Joshua Lederberg s 1966 article on cloning in the American Naturalist, and the populaces involvement has been perked by many sci-fi books, movies, and films including Aldous Huxley s 1932 novel Brave New World, 1973 s Sleeper, the 1978 movie The Boys from Brazil, and most late, the film Multiplicity ( Mario, Christopher ) . The ethical, legal, and moral issues aroused by cloning have been raised by old undertakings, and are now merely emerging once more, with its focal point on three major points: the displacement from sexual reproduction with that of nonsexual reproduction of bing cistrons ; the ability to predetermine the cistrons of a kid ; and the ability to make many genetically indistinguishable kids ( Report/Recommendations of the NBAC ) . The populace responded to Dolly with a mixture of fright and exhilaration, oppugning the benefits and the catastrophes that could go on in the hereafter if research was to go on. From a canvass taken by Maurice Bernstein, M.D. , the consequences showed that 72 % of the ballots said that cloning should be prohibited by jurisprudence. They believe that cloning for any ground would be an unethical and immoral thing to make. A common misconception of cloning is that it is the instantaneous creative activity of a to the full grown grownup from the cells of the person. Besides, that an exact transcript, although much younger, of an bing individual could be made, reflecting the belief that one s cistrons bear a simple relationship to the physical and psychological traits that make up a individual. This is one point that those against cloning are frequently disquieted about. That the ringer would hold no psyche, no head, no feelings or emotions of their ain, no say in how their life will be with their fate predetermined for them, and that each single ringer would non be alone. They are besides afraid that the ringer will non be treated like a individual, more like a worthless 2nd transcript, or a fill-in for what was at that place but now is lost. Although the cistrons do play an of import portion, its the interaction among a individual s familial heritage, their environment, memories, different life experiences, and the procedure of larning that consequence in the singularity of each person ( Mario, Christopher ) . Peoples think that by cloning, we are taking the creative activity of life into our ain custodies, giving us all the control over something neer earlier in our power, and in kernel playing God ( Mario, Christopher ) . But what they don t realize is that for 100s of old ages, world has been commanding nature with the domestication of workss and animate beings, which is a misdemeanor of the natural order of things as God has put them here on Earth. Another point that those against cloning seem to hold on is the potency of physical injury put upon those involved with the procedure. First, Dolly was the lone success out of 277 efforts. With worlds, there is the hazard of hormonal mutants, multiple abortions, and perchance developmental malformations in the kid, and no 1 knows how many attempts it will take until a ringer is eventually born. But as with all gestations, the prospective parents are allowed to transport the babe to term, because of the parent s right to reproductive freedom. But the facet of physical injury is non a apt one, because there is no manner for us to cognize if the kid will travel through any sort of injury until human cloning is attempted ( Report/Recommendations of the NBAC ) . One of the basic frights associated with cloning is eugenics, fundamentally an effort to better the human race. These frights are based on the visions that one adult male will develop the maestro race of people in order to govern the universe, as Hitler did with Germany during WWII, that people would clone those considered perfect to do our society better, and this fright is reinforced through many of the amusing books, movies, and amusing books go arounding throughout the universe. But this is non a believable fright, because people s visions of flawlessness vary drastically from one another, and if person did seek to make a maestro race, it would take many old ages to organize his ground forces of his ringers, and by the clip they were old plenty to hold any kind of impact on the universe, we would hold alread Y figured out what they were seeking to make ( Bernstein, Maurice ) . The grounds why people are for the idea of cloning are many. They include: retrieving a loved one ; handling sterility ; megalomania, which is a desire to reproduce one s ain qualities ; helping medical research ; utilizing the ringer for trim parts ; and even merely for wonder s sake ( Dixon, Patrick ) . Many think that cloning would be utile in the event of holding a loved one dice. With the usage of cloning, you could animate that individual and convey them back, but most likely, the new person would hold a personality different than the 1 in the memories. Besides, people believe that cloning could handle people with sterility jobs. If a twosome is unable to reproduce on their ain, with the usage of cloning, they could, in theory, have a kid that is their ain. People argue though, that the universe is overpopulated as it is, and plus, God did non intend for us to reproduce that manner. Since we have generative variety meats, we should utilize them. In the instance of medical research, cloning would assist assistance in happening remedies for fatal and cancerous unwellnesss. Besides, it would be an of import key in the apprehension of genetic sciences and development, and in how to pull strings beings. It may besides assist dainty diseases like diabetes, Parkinson s disease, or even malignant neoplastic diseases of the blood. Cloning can besides state us about the ripening procedure, and the function of telomeres in aging ( Encarta ) . A point closely associated with the idea of utilizing cloning for medical research is of cloning people for trim parts. Many people believe this would be a good thought because you ll ever have what you need, such as bone marrow, or a kidney in instance of a demand for a graft, that will be indistinguishable to the 1 that is needed. But those against cloning argue that this is a misdemeanor of one of the many rights given to persons. Better yet, would be the ability to clone a bosom, or any of the other variety meats from the cells, so this manner, the rights of the person would non be violated ( Bruce, Donald ) . The moralss environing the issue of cloning are many, and it will be many old ages before a concluding determination on whether or non cloning will be considered ethical or non. Personally, I believe that worlds should non be cloned. It seems incorrect for people to hold the same cistrons, to be precisely likewise in expressions, merely because the parent wanted the child to look that manner. It does go on in the instance of indistinguishable twins and threes, but that is from a work of God, and in considered a miracle, but when this happens by cloning, it is no longer a miracle, it is an point that is man- made. In most instances, I believe that utilizing cloning for trim parts would be a positive thing, if the ringer was non made to be a existent individual. If the lone thing that came out of the cloning was the portion that needed to be used for a serious unwellness or for a graft, so I would see that to be ethical, because you are salvaging a individual s life, without taking one in return. Furthermore, I Don T believe in the theory of eugenics. The thought of person who believes that he could make a maestro race of his cloned ego is wholly impossible to me, and the thought of the perfect race full of perfect people could neer in actuality exist, because of the fact that flawlessness is in the oculus of the perceiver. What symbolizes flawlessness to one individual, could be considered a major defect in another. The best usage of cloning, in my sentiment, would be to utilize it to assist contend off hungriness and famishment. Scientists should set all the new information from what they have learned from Dolly to clone workss and animate beings so that people in other portion of the universe who are hungry, could eventually have something to eat. Furthermore, I believe that it would be a good thought to clone those animate beings and workss that are in hazard of extinction. This would assist their species survive and hopefully end extinction of many of the beautiful workss and animate beings that were one time plentiful on this Earth. Cloning BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bernstein, Maurice M.D. Cloning of Humans. Feburary 27, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www- hsc.usc.edu/ mbernste/ 2. Bernstein, Maurice M.D. -The Ethical Issue- Cloning of Humans: Will it be Ethical? Should it be Done? hypertext transfer protocol: //www-usc.usc.edu/ mbernste/ethics.cloninghumnas.html 3. Bernstein, Maurice M.D. Subject 4: Poll Results. hypertext transfer protocol: //www-usc.usc.edu/ mbernste/index.htm # Topic 4 4. Dr. Dixon, Patrick. Life after Dolly # 8211 ; Human Cloning hypertext transfer protocol: //people.delphi.com/patrickdixon/clonech.htm 5. Dr. Dixon, Patrick. Headless Human Clones will Turn Organs in 10 Old ages. October 19, 1992. hypertext transfer protocol: //people.delphi.com/patrickdixon.frogs.htm 6. Voice of America. The Ethics of Cloning. March 13, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kaiwan.com/ mcivr/clon19.html 7. Voice of America. Britain/Cloning/Ethics. February 25, 1997 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kaiwan.com/ mcivr/cloning2.html 8. Dr. Bruce, Donald. Society, Religion and Technology Project. Church of Scotland. Cloning Animals and Worlds, May 27, 1997 hypertext transfer protocol: //webzone1.co.uk/www/srtproject/ga97clon.htm 9. Why Ringer? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encarta.com/explore/yearbook/archive/may97/cloning/ybfeatur/asp 10. Mario, Christopher. U.S. 1 Newspaper. A Spark of Science, a Storm of Controversy. March 5, 1997. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.princetoninfo.com/clone.html 11. Dr. Bruce, Donald. Cloning # 8211 ; How Should Society Decide? hypertext transfer protocol: //webzone1.co.uk/www/srtproject/clonres.htm 12. Dr. Bruce, Donald. Should We Clone Humans? hypertext transfer protocol //webzone1.co.uk/www/srtproject/clonhum1.htm 13. Cloning Human Beings: Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Rockville, Maryland. June 1997 hypertext transfer protocol: //www/berzerk.com/acro/mime.acro

Internet and computer safety Essay Example

Internet and computer safety Paper As a parent to create awareness about internet security, many measure can be taken to ensure safety for your children when using a computer as there are many risks which could occur which could either damage your computer or even your child. For example, there are viruses which can be harmful on your computer and if you use internet banking than, hackers can steal your details using phishing emails or websites and steal your identity, if your child or you click on a link or download a file which is harmful than your computer can be infected, however, this could be prevent by purchasing a good anti virus program, these will also protect the computer from other viruses which are harmful. Also if your children persistently use the internet then they can go on website which are inappropriate however there can be content filters on web browsers which can lower the risk of children going on bad websites. Also checking the web history that your child has just been using will help. Finally, if you become aware of the language that is used by children over the net with lots of abbreviations for example LOL (laughing out loud), or in fact POS (parents over shoulder) is one that is sometimes used which you could become familiar with for your childs safety. This article describes how an online predator advertised a fake modeling agency on the internet to lure young girls, then he would push and push as far as he could with the girls to see if he could draw them further into his web of sexual activity,. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and computer safety specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and computer safety specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and computer safety specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows how he was able to target girls, easily by producing a modeling agency, which shows how he was able to target a large number of girls due to the increase in interests of modeling careers; he also targeted girls on under 18 chat rooms which he was allowed access to, this allowed him to attract vunerable girls easily and lure them. He was able to target girls with something they were interested in which allowed him to gain a wide range of younger girls, and also he was allowed to gain access to under 18 chat rooms, he was also able to subvert a filter placed by a childs parents. A feasible solution to this topic and methods which could be taken out to help stop predators like this could be to make under 18 chat rooms, secure and make sure that users must go through an identity check, where personal details are filled out from something to help prove the childs identity, for example a childs passport number or some personal evidence which would not have a big impact of somebody was to get hold of the information also these would need to be incredibly secure. Also if a child is going to be meeting up with a person they had met online then they would need a responsible adult to accompany them when they meet, this would mean that children in schools would need to be educated on this matter more thoroughly. Finally making sure filters are more secure so that they cannot by bypassed.

D2 Measurong Youngs modulus of copper Essays

D2 Measurong Youngs modulus of copper Essays D2 Measurong Youngs modulus of copper Paper D2 Measurong Youngs modulus of copper Paper In this experiment, The Youngs modulus of copper will be mesured . Apparatus copper wire 4m G-clamp polley on clamp -2*Wooden block 2*rule (half meter and meter rule) slotted mass with hanger 15 Â  0. 1 kg adhesive label -micrometer screw gauge -safety goggles -polystyrene board (Warning : Wear safety goggles when doing this experiment ) Theory When a spring is stretched or compressed by a force. The extension is directly proportional to the applied force. This relationship known as Hookes law. Force=ke. However,the law is used when the proportional limit is not exceeded. To further investigate how the material behaves when it is stressed,we define: The stress applied to the wire is defined as the force applied per unit cross-sectional area. Stress = force per unit area =F/A (where F is the force or tension in the wire, A is the cross-sectional area) When the wire being stretched,it is under strain. The strain is defined as the extension per unit length. Strain = extension per unit length = e/l (where e is the extension and l is the unstretched length of the wire) Withon the proportional limit,the ration stress/strain is a constant whose value depends on the material of the wire. It is known as the Young modulus of the material E = stress/strain = (F/A)/(e/l) = Fl/Ae From this law,a material with larger Youngs modulus means a greater stress is required to produce the same strain than another material with smaller Youngs modulus gives how stiff a material is. In this experiment, we will hang different loads (m) to one end of a copper wire of length l and diameter d. The extension (e) for each load is measured. From the slope of the straight part of the m-e graph, Youngs modulus of copper can be found. Since F=mg and A= cross-sectional area of the wire = ? (d/2)2 = ? d2/4, Youngs modulus of the copper wire is given by E = Fl/Ae = mgl/(? d2/4)e = m/e x 4gl/? d2 = slope of graph x 4gl/? d2 Procedure 1. To measure the diameter of the wire at two end and the center of the wire by using a micrometer screw gauge to take the mean value of the diameter. 2. The apparatus is seted on the bench as shown in Fig. D2. 1. 3. Fix an adhesive label on the copper wire as a marker 4. Measure the unstretched original length of the wire before addong slotted mass to the wire (from the wooden blocks to the slotted mass) 5. The copper was loaded in steps and the extension produced was recorded. Steps were continued until the wire broke Results 1st measurement 2nd measurement 3rd measurement . 2 1. 3 1. 4 0. 0042 0. 005 0. 007 0. 009 0. 015 0. 036 0. 087 0. 155 Before the load increase to 0. 7 kg. The extension is nearly proportional to the force . Also stress is nearly proprtional to strain. After the load is beyond 0. 7kg,extension is not proportional to force and stree is not proportional to strain. The plastic deformation occur. The wire does not return completely to its original length . The wire broke whn the load is increase to 1. 4 kg. This part of graph obeys Hookes law. Fig. 4 % strain = extension / original length x 100% = 0. 0042/ 3. 95x 100% = 0. 106% Fig. 4 shows the best straight line through the points of the straight part of the graph. Slope of load-extension graph = 189. 72 kgm-1 Youngs modulus of copper E = slope of graph x 4gl/? d2 =189. 72 x 4(10)(3. 95)/? (0. 000278)2 =123. 46109 Pa Error estimation Sraw lines of maximum and minimum slope through the points of the graph. Find the slope and take the large deviation from the slope of the fitted graph as the error Maximum slope = 208. 77 Minimum slope = 163. 15 Error in slope = i 26. 57 % error in slope =14.00 % Estimate the possible errors in l and d and express them as percentages Error in l = 0. 1cm/2 = i 0. 05cm % error in l =0. 0127% Error in d = i 0. 005mm %error in d = 0. 0180% Hence, estimate the % error in E. % error in E = % error in slope + % error in l + 2 i % error in d = 14. 00% + 0. 0127% + 2 i 0. 0180% = 14. 049% Error in E = i 1. 7345i 1012 Discussion From the graph of Fig. 4 . The wire is undergo a proportional limit before the load increase to 0. 7 kg. Its obeys Hookes law. When the load is not reach to a yield point. The wire can returns to its original length when the load is removed. In this graph . The slope of the graph of load against extension determines the Youngs modulus. When the load is beyond the yield point. The plastic deformation will occur. The wire does not return completely to its original length . It will contain a permanent extension. Then the load is added to the wire continuously. The extension of the wire is more signifiance.. The wire narrows uniformly. In our experiment,The maximum stress at the breaking point. Break is due to the wire narrows unevenly to form necks. There are some precautions for this experiment. When we read the value of the length of the wire. It is more accuracy as we observe the value vertically. Moreover,when the load is add on the wire. It is more suitable to add slowly. This can avoid the force added by our hand. Besides,students should wear safety goggles when doing this experiment. It can protect our eye is hited by the wire. Youngs modulus is more useful than force constant because the Youngs modulus depend on the force per unit cross sectional area. Also,the extension is per unit length. It is more accuracy than the force constant which is only depend on the relationship between the force and extension. From the book called NEW WAY PHYSICS. the youngs modulus of the copper is 124109 Pa. Also from answers. com/topic/young-s-modulus. the Youngs modulus is between110 to 130 x109 Pa. Compare with our result. It is 124109 Pa. The answer is very close to the reference answer. It is because we take all of the value very carefullyand seriously for decrease the error. Conclusion The Youngs modulus is depend on the materials. The Young modulus of copper which measure by our group is 124109 Pa.

20 Controversial Essay Topics Hot Issues on Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism

20 Controversial Essay Topics Hot Issues on Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism If you are looking for a potential topic for your controversial essay on Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism, then look no further. Below are some sample essay topics that might be suitable for your next writing assignment. Remember that these are only meant to guide you and in some cases they may not be the most suitable selections depending on the guidelines of your assignment: Natural Law and Human Rights Violations Which Governments Use Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism How China Restricts Modern Internet Access to Control Tibet French Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial Governments How North Korea Uses Limited Teaching, Talking About Threats to the Government, Helping Foreigners and Possessing Books Deemed Wrong as Imperialist Control Methods Portuguese Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial Governments Governments Surveying Nations and Peoples They Deem as Threat: Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism Comprehensive Surveillance Used as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measures Dutch Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism The Use of Continual Communications Monitoring in Businesses as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measures Corporate Contributions to Western Politicians as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measures British Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial States: Human Rights as a Form of Imperialism Companies Using Advertisements to Control News as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measures Asian Communities and Regimes Using Imperialistic Human Rights as Control Measures Japanese Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial Governments Prominent Displays of Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measures in Modern Countries Complete International Media Control as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measure Limited Information Availability as Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measure Belgian Imperialistic Traces in Former Colonial Governments Prevalence of Communication Monitoring as an Imperialistic Human Rights Control Measure These topics are specially designed for you to use together with   our 10 facts on human rights as a form of imperialism with a complete guide on this rare kind of academic work. Below is a sample essay on one of those topics to help give you a better idea of what your controversial essay should really be focused on: Sample Controversial Essay on Natural Law and Human Rights Violations Natural law is a theory of ethics, a theory of politics, religious morality, and civil law. The theory of natural law in terms of ethics can be applied to law, religion, and politics. In essence, natural law is determined by the universe, or human nature. It is most often referred to as the rules which guide moral behavior. Positive law is considered man made while natural law is that which is determined by nature. As such, natural law is a major component of critiquing positive law. Positive cannot be created or known without the foundation of natural law. As such, natural law can be used to determine legal statutes under natural rights or natural justice. Natural law states that certain rights are universally recognized by human nature. English common law, for example, has been greatly affected by natural law thanks to philosophers of the time including Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Natural law plays a large role within natural rights and is a major component of the Declaration of Independence as well as the United States Constitution. Aristotle emphasizes the difference between nature and law. Law can vary in its command from place to place while nature remains the same in all places. As such, the law of nature was posed as a form of natural justice. Aristotle was said to be the father of natural law (Shellens, 1959, p. 77). Aristotle posits that natural justice is a subsidiary of political justice which should be established within a political community. Socrates argued that law is merely a matter of contract which binds those states men to their duty and to justice. Machiavelli argued that virtu’, even whilst occupying the role of a statesman, is circumstantial; that the best or just action might be considered unjust but is still serving the best interests. Machiavelli was a Western philosopher who was influenced by Greek philosophers such as Plato. Nonetheless, Machiavelli often argues against the philosophy of Plato. Plato believed in rulers who would rule based in moral virtue, which is defined by natural law or rather, guided by natural law. Machiavelli, conversely, believes in what he deemed â€Å"virtu† and suggested that what should be done is whatever was in the best interest of this, natural law aside. Plato speaks of the orderly universe in which we live. In The Republic, Plato suggested that ethics and politics overlapped in terms of their essential features and were, more or less, the same. He did not distinguish between public life and private life, as we do today. No private life was ever kept from the public during his time. During the time of Machiavelli, the reason for the state was to serve the people, not for the people to serve the state. Machiavelli believed that a ruler’s only purpose was making war and protecting citizens from other states’ attacks. This would mean only protecting the natural rights of the citizens of the country, even if it came at the cost of violating the natural rights of other citizens from another country. As such, a ruler was justified in acting in whatever fashion was necessary to maintain the country, even if said act was unjust. Plato argued that a ruler could never be unjust and could never violate natural law. Plato is against the ruler who rules based only on might, as seen in The Republic, and supportive of the idea of natural law or natural human rights. Socrates remained bound by an interest in ethics and natural law. He stated that knowledge gained by an individual is what makes for a good life. Knowledge is strongly identified as virtue. Thereby, if a person can obtain knowledge he or she can also obtain virtue and as such, one can teach virtue, particularly one who is in a position of authority as a leader. Knowledge of natural law would lead to an understanding that certain rights and justices are as natural as human nature and the universe and a continued education in such theory would show leaders and individuals involved in government that these were to remain as such. This creates a foundation for any political and economic system. Since the notion of private and public life being separate entities was not a popular one, Socrates stated that a person must seek knowledge prior t o seeking private interests because knowledge served as the only path to making decisions concurrent with natural law. References: Al-Jubouri, Firas A. J.  Milestones On The Road To Dystopia. Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014. Print. Bergman, Edward F, and William H Renwick.  Introduction To Geography. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999. Print. Cortina Orts, Adela.  Covenant And Contract. LLeuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2003. Print. Larkin, Emma.  Finding George Orwell In Burma. New York: Penguin Press, 2005. Print. Larkin, Emma.  Secret Histories. London: John Murray, 2004. Print. Saccarelli, Emanuele, and Latha Varadarajan.  Imperialism Past And Present. Print. Spring, Joel H.  The American School : A Global Context. Print. Zhu, Qian et al.  The Politics Of Everyday Life: Non-Party Leftists In Republican China, 1919-1937. 2011. Print.

Compare and contrast aspects of psychodynamic and cognitive Essay

Compare and contrast aspects of psychodynamic and cognitive theoretical approaches to counselling - Essay Example Traumatic memories of childhood are recorded in the unconscious mind and these are reminded in the individual until it becomes a cause of sickness and emotional disorders in adulthood. The belief that psychological factors can cause some sickness or malfunctioning became a popular concept during the time of Freud. Freud became phenomenal when he first announced the science of psychoanalysis. It was new then but his patients were healed and freed of their illnesses because of his precise diagnosis. Although his theory focused more on the sexual libido and the oedipal complex, they were at first unopposed and became the basis for treatment of many illnesses. Stress or anxiety, according to Freud, was a primary cause of sickness in man. Riley says that these unconscious events of the pasts were discovered through â€Å"techniques such as free association, the interpretation of dreams, thoughts and feelings emerging through reveries on the couch and nothing slips of the tongue (known as ‘Freudian slips’), misreadings and the forgetting of names† (Riley, p. 5). ... Stress can mean anxiety, arousal, fear, or burnout. This particular phenomenon causes maladies like mental illness, cancer, cardiovascular disease, but also common cold. There is a relational link between arousal and stress to metabolic rate. When we are active, or involved in sports, our metabolic rate rises, along with gross measures of the heart and respiratory rates. When stress is experienced, metabolic rate also rises. Ways to determine if an organism is activated or aroused include physiological measure, where the â€Å"organism’s overt behaviour may be used as basis for evaluation† (Pargman, 2006, p. 3). We can measure or observe the physiological component. We have the nervous system which is composed of the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system is comprised of the brain, spinal cord and its branches. The automatic nervous system is composed of the head, pelvic, and sympathetic divisions. The three divisions of the autonomic nervous system are in counterbalancing act. They have some control on the vital functions of the body. The central nervous system on the other hand interferes in cases of emergency – it sends impulses to the autonomic system as soon as it perceives danger. The perception of fear in particular situations can provide thoughts. For example, a musician may think that he/she will not be able to perform well; she becomes afraid. This will send impulses to the brain. Anxiety may come in and the performance will be greatly affected. There are theoretical perspectives in determining stress causality, these are: psychoanalytic orientations, learning orientations, sociological orientations, and personological orientations (Pargman, 2006, p. 30). Freud called traumatic anxiety the excess libido